1917

Events

• At the first performance of the play Mamelles de Tirésias by Apollinaire, described as a "surrealist drama", Jacques Vaché, in the uniform of an English officer, leaps up with revolver in hand, threatening to shoot into the audience. Breton intervenes to calm him down.
• Breton and Aragon meet for the first time.

Art works

• De Chirico Le Grand Métaphysique
• Duchamp Fountain

Marcel Duchamp, Francis Picabia and Beatrice Wood, 1917, USA, New York, London, National Gallery. (Photo by Photo12/UIG/Getty Images)

1918

Events

• Soupault finds a copy of Les Chants de Maldoror.
• Arthur Cravan vanishes in the Gulf of Mexico, presumed dead.

1919

Events

• Jacques Vaché dies at the beginning of the year.
• Breton enters into correspondence with Tzara.
• The group of three get to know Paul Éluard, who becomes the “fourth musketeer”; Breton copies Ducasse’s Poésies and publishes it in Littérature.
• Breton proposes a new journal, initially to be entitled Le Nouveau Monde, to be edited with Aragon and Soupault. The first issue appears in March, entitled ironically Littérature as suggested by Paul Valéry after a line from Verlaine: “And everything else is literature.”
• Breton and Soupault write Les Champs magnétiques.
• Breton Mont de piété

Art works

• Duchamp LHOOQ

1919 Advertising note in Litterature announcing publication of Tzara’s Dada journal in Zurich.

1920

Events

• Performances take place of the plays S’il vous plait and Vous m’oublierez, both written by Breton and Soupault, and La Première aventure céleste de Monsieur Antipyrine by Tristan Tzara.

Publications/films

• Proverbe (to 1921).
• Aragon Feu de joie
• Breton and Soupault Les Champs magnétiques
• Paul Éluard Les Animaux et leurs hommes
• Soupault Rose des vents

Art works

• Duchamp Fresh widow
• Man Ray The Enigma of Isidore Ducasse

1921

Events

• Maurice Barrès is put on trial, accused of “crimes against the security of the spirit”. Barrès, a writer admired for his early writings, had become a xenophobic nationalist allied politically with the right.
• Tzara organises a Dada salon; Duchamp refuses to participate through a Dadaist gesture, “Pode balle”; Tzara’s Le Cœur à gaz performed at the last major Dada show.
• Breton visits Freud in Vienna.

Publications/films

• First issue of the journal Aventure, founded by René Crevel (to 1922).
• Paul Éluard Les Nécessités de la vie et les conséquences des rêves
• Aragon Anicet ou le panorama
• Péret Le Passager du transatlantique
• Soupault En joue

Art works

• Duchamp Why not sneeze Rrose Selavy?
• Ernst L’Éléphant de Célèbes; Œdipus Rex; La Puberté proche...(les pléiades)
• Man Ray Cadeau; Rose Sélavy

1922

Events

• Breton announces an “International Congress for the Determination of the directives and Defence of the Modern spirit”. Only Aragon supports him.
• René Crevel proposes “Sleep experiments”, in which subjects act under hypnosis. Desnos enunciates the texts of Rrose Sélavy communicated to him telephatically by Duchamp from New York.
• Raymond Roussel’s theatrical presentation Locus Solus is ridiculed by the critics and the audience, but defended by the surrealists.
• In Rheims René Daumal, Roger Gilbert-Lecomte and Roger Vailland, still schoolchildren, form an initiatory group called the Phrères simplistes, which in 1926 would become the Grand Jeu.
• With his essay “Lâchez tout”, Breton waves goodbye to Dada; what will become the surrealist group begins to take shape as Paul Éluard, Péret, Man Ray, Jacques Baron, René Crevel, Desnos, Limbour, Vitrac, and Joseph Delteil rally to Breton and pull away from the influence of Tzara and Dada.

Publications/films

• Tzara’s journal Le Cœur à barbe is published.
• Aragon Les Aventures de Télémaque
• Paul Éluard Les Malheurs des immortels and Répétitions, both with collages by Ernst
• Man Ray Les Champs délicieux
• Soupault Westwego

Art works

• Ernst Au rendez-vous des amis
• Man Ray Indestructible Object

On 1 January 1922, Andre and Simone Breton would rent an apartment in the block at 42 Rue Fontaine, their first permanent home. This would continue to be Breton’s address until his death. Below them were ‘Heaven’ and ‘Hell’ – two night clubs in Place Blanche.

1923

Events

• Duchamp leaves unfinished his master work, La Mariée mise à nu par ses célibataires, même.

Publications/films

• Breton Clair de terre
• Péret Au 125 du boulevard Saint-Germain
• Film: Man Ray Le Retour à la raison

Art works

• Ernst Pietà où La révolution la nuit; Les Hommes n’en sauront rien; La Femme chancelante

1924

Events

• Paul Éluard embarks on a journey around the world, publishing his collection of poems Mourir de ne pas mourir before departure. He will return in September.
• Final issue of Littérature published in June.
• Breton and his circle dispute the use of the term “surrealism” with Yvan Goll and Paul Dermée, who had also adopted it from Apollinaire. Yvan Goll and Dermée’s journal Surréalisme is published; it includes Yvan Goll’s Manifesto defining surrealism as the “transposition of reality onto a higher (artistic) level”.
• Performance of Relâche, a ballet by Erik Satie accompanied by projection of René Clair’s film Entr’acte, written by Picabia.
• Homage is paid to Germaine Berton, a young anarchist who assassinated Marius Plateau, a leader of the proto-fascist Camelots du roi.
• The Bureau de recherches surréalistes is opened. Lise Meyer visits in December, leaving behind one of her blue gloves.
• Surrealist activity begins in Yugoslavia.
• Daily meetings take place at the Cyrano café in Montmartre.

Publications/films

• In Brussels, Paul Nougé, Camille Goemans and Marcel Lecomte publish the first of a series of tracts under the general title Correspondance (to 1926).
• First issue of La Révolution surréaliste published in November (to 1929). It includes an enquiry: « Is Suicide a Solution? »
• Aragon Le Libertinage; Une vague de rêves
• Arp Der Pyramidenrock
• Baron L’Allure poétique
• Breton Les Pas perdus; Manifeste du surréalisme/Poisson soluble
• René Crevel Détours
• Desnos Deuil pour deuil
• Paul Éluard Mourir de ne pas mourir
• Limbour Soleils bas
• Naville Les Reines de la main gauche
• Péret Immortelle maladie
• Picabia Caravansérail
• Vitrac Les Mystères de l’amour
• Tract: Un Cadavre (Paris)

Art works

• Arp Horloge
• Ernst La Belle Jardinière; Deux enfants sont menacés par un rossignol
• Masson La Couronne; Homme; Les Points cardinaux; Les Quatre saisons
• Miró Paysage catalan (Le Chasseur)
• Man Ray Le Violon d’Ingres

The surrealists gather at 42 rue Fontaine. (Photo by: Photo12/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)

1925

Events

• Artaud is entrusted with directing the Bureau de recherches surréalistes.
• French army sent to intervene in the war against the Rif. With the Philosophes and Clarté groups, the surrealists publish a declaration against the Moroccan War: La Révolution d’abord et toujours!
• The third issue of La Révolution surréaliste announces the “end of the Christian era”.
• The Bureau de recherches surréalistes is closed.
• The surrealists disrupt a banquet given in honor of symbolist poet Saint-Pol-Roux after the novelist Rachilde insults the German Ernst. Various conservative groups call for reprisals against the surrealists, some going so far as demanding their expulsion from France.
• With the fourth issue, Breton assumes editorship of La Révolution surréaliste.
• Breton and Paul Éluard visit Brussels, meeting Goemans and Nougé.
• Ernst invents the technique of frottage.
• The first exhibition of surrealist paintings takes place in November.
• Rue du Château group (Marcel Duhamel, Jacques Prévert and Yves Tanguy) join the surrealists. The Exquisite Corpse is invented.
• Pablo Picasso begins to associate with the surrealists.

Publications/films

• The journal Œsophage published by Mesens and Magritte in Brussels.
• Artaud L’Ombilic des limbes; Le Pèse-nerfs
• René Crevel Mon Corps et moi
• Paul Éluard Au défaut du silence
• Paul Éluard and Péret 152 proverbes mis au goût du jour
• Péret Il était une boulangère
• Tracts: Ouvrez les prisons. Licenciez l’armée; Déclaration du 27 Janvier 1925; Lettre ouverte à M. Paul Claudel; La Révolution d’abord et toujours! (Paris)

Art works

• Masson Armure; Oiseau percé de flèches; Soleils furieux
• Miró Carnaval d’Arlequin; Photo-Ceci est la couleur de mes rêves; La Naissance du monde; Le Corps de ma brune

1926

Events

• Magritte, Mesens, Goemans, Lecomte and Nougé form the Brussels group. They demonstrate against a production of Cocteau’s Les Mariés de la tour Eiffel.
• The Galerie Surréaliste opens with a Man Ray exhibition.
• Artaud, Vitrac and Robert Aron found the Théâtre Alfred Jarry.
• Breton encounters Nadja.
• The group debates collectively joining the Communist Party after which Artaud, Soupault and Vitrac are excluded from the group.
• Toyen and Štyrský invent artificialism.
• In New York Duchamp’s Large Glass is broken in the process of transportation.

Publications/films

• Aragon Le Mouvement perpétuel; Le Paysan de Paris
• Breton, Légitime défense, response to Naville’s La Révolution et les intellectuels
• René Crevel La Mort difficile
• Desnos Poèmes à la mystérieuse
• Paul Éluard Capitale de la douleur; Les Dessous d’une vie ou la pyramide
• Ernst Histoire naturelle
• Naville La Révolution et les intellectuels
• Soupault Georgia
• Vitrac Connaissance de la mort
• Films: Duchamp Anemic cinema
• Man Ray Emak Bakia
• Tract: Mariés de la Tour Eiffel (Brussels)

Art works

• Arp Plastron, fourchette et nombril
• Ernst Forêt sombre et oiseau; La Vierge corrigeant l’enfant Jésus devant trois témoins
• Magritte Le Jockey perdu; Souvenir de voyage; Le Mariage de minuit
• Masson Bataille de poissons; Les Villageois
• Miró Main attrapant un oiseau; Personnage lançant une pierre à un oiseau; Amour
• Man Ray Noire et blanche
• Tanguy Fantômas; L’Orage

1927

Events

• Several surrealists join the Communist Party.
• Léona Delcourt (Nadja) is certified insane and will spend the rest of her life in mental institutions.
• The Théâtre Alfred Jarry opens it first performances, including Les Mystères de l’amour by Vitrac.
• Desnos is fined for lacerating religious street posters after a priest had done the same to posters he considered licentious.
• Ernst and Miró invent grattage.
• In Brussels, Mesens directs galery LÉpoque.
• In Tokyo Takiguchi publishes an anthology of surrealist poetry.

Publications/films

• Journals Shōbi, majutsu, gakusetsu (Rose, magic, theory) Fukuikutaru kafu yo (O Fragrant stoker) published in Tokyo.
• Artaud Correspondance avec Jacques Rivière; Fragments d’un journal d’enfer
• Bataille L’Anus solaire
• Breton Introduction au discours sur le peu de réalité
• René Crevel L’Esprit contre la raison
• Desnos Journal d’une apparition; La Liberté ou l’amour
• Leiris Le Point cardinal
• Nougé Quelques écrits de Clarisse Juranville
• Péret Dormir, dormir dans les pierres
• Soupault Histoire d’un blanc; Le Nègre
• Tracts: Au grand jour; Hands off love; Permettez! (Paris)

Art works

• Dalí Le Miel est plus doux que le sang
• Ernst La Grande Forêt; Vision provoquée par l’aspect nocturne de la Porte Saint-Denis
• Magritte L’Assassin menacé; Jeune fille mangeant un oiseau
• Malkine Le Baiser
• Masson Les Cerfs-volants
• Miró Un Oiseau poursuit une abeille et la baisse
• Tanguy Extinction des lumières inutiles; Maman papa est blessé!

1928

Events

• In January the sessions of research into sexuality begin.
• La Liberté ou l’amour by Desnos is censored as licentious.
• Aragon and Breton celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of hysteria.
• The surrealists join Artaud in protesting Germaine Dulac’s film La Coquille et le clergyman, based on a scenario by Artaud.
• Artaud gives a lecture on “Art and Death” at the Sorbonne
• Artaud’s production of Strindberg’s Dream Play is interrupted by Breton, Unik and Sadoul who are arrested by the police.
• Vitrac’s Victor ou les enfants au pouvoir produced by the Théâtre Alfred Jarry
• Artaud, having been attacked in the tract Au grand jour, responds in kind with À la grande nuit.
• The Galerie Surréaliste goes bankrupt and closes.
• Aldo Pellegrini establishes a surrealist group in Argentina and publishes journal, QUE (to 1930).

Publications/films

• The Brussels group publishes the first issue of Distances.
• In Bucharest first issue of the journal Unu, founded by Saşa Pană (to 1932).
• In Japan, first issue of Shi to Shiron (Poetry and Poetics) published (to 1931).
• First issue of Le Grand Jeu (to 1930).
• Aragon Traité du style; Le Con d’Irène
• Aragon and Breton Le Trésor des jésuites
• Bataille Histoire de l’œil
• Breton Lettre aux voyantes; Nadja; Le Surréalisme et la peinture
• Desnos La Place de l’Étoile
• Paul Éluard Défense de savoir
• Hinojosa La Flor de Californía
• Péret Les Couilles enragées; Le Grand Jeu
• Films: Prévert Paris la Belle
• Man Ray L’Étoile de mer
• Tract: La Cinquantenaire de l’Hystérie (Paris)

Art works

• Arp Main fruit
• Magritte Les Amants; La Vie secrète; La temps menaçant; Le Faux Miroir; La Lectrice soumise; Le Masque vide; Les Jours gigantesques; Le Dormeur téméraire
• Masson L’Équarisseur
• Miró Danseuse espagnole; Intérieurs hollandais; Pomme de terre

1929

Events

• A meeting called to discuss Trotsky’s expulsion from France ends in acrimony, presaging major splits in the movement.
• Final issue of La Révolution Surréaliste signals a change of direction for the movement
• Benjamin Péret leaves for Brazil (to 1931).
• A surrealist group is formalized in Belgrade, after activity dating back to 1924.

Publications/films

• Journal Bifur edited by Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes (to 1931).
• Breton Second Manifeste du Surréalisme published in the last issue of La Révolution surréaliste.
• Le Surréalisme en 1929, special issue of journal Variétés
• First issue of Documents (to 1931).
• Aragon La Grande Gaîté
• Artaud, L’Art et la mort
• Char Arsenal
• De Chirico Hebdomeros
• René Crevel Êtes-vous fous?
• Paul Éluard L’Amour la poésie
• Ernst La Femme 100 têtes
• Péret Et les seins mouraient...
• Films: Buñuel and Dalí Un chien Andalou.
• Man Ray Les Mystères du Château de Dé

Art works

• Dalí Les Accommodations du désir; Les Plaisirs illuminés; L’Énigme du désir; Le Grand Masturbateur; Le Jeu lugubre
• Lotar Abattoir
• Magritte La Trahison des images; Je ne vois pas la [femme] cachée dans la forêt
• Tanguy Dehors

'The world at the time of the surrealists’. In 1929 the surrealists redrew map of the world according to their taste of the time. First published in the Belgian journal Variétés.

1930

Events

• Exhibition of collages at the Goemans gallery.
• Aragon and Sadoul travel to Kharkov for the Conférence internationale des Écrivains révolutionnaires.
• Daumal writes an open letter to Breton refusing his invitation to collaborate.
• Following the opening of L’Âge d’or by Luis Buñuel and Dalí in Studio 28, the League of Patriots and the Anti-Jewish league ransack the cinema. After a hostile press campaign chief of police Chiappe bans the film.
• Dalí invents “paranoiac-critical” activity.

Publications/films

• First issue of La Surréalisme au Service de la Révolution (to 1933).
• Nemoguće/L’Impossible anthology published in Belgrade.
• Aragon La Peinture au défi
• Breton Second manifeste du surréalisme
• Breton and Paul Éluard L’Immaculée conception
• Breton, Char and Paul Éluard Ralentir travaux
• Cahun Aveux non avenus
• Char Artine
• Dalí La Femme visible
• Desnos The Night of loveless nights; Troisième manifeste du surréalisme; Corps et biens
• Ernst Rêve d’une petite fille qui voulut entrer au Carmel
• Takiguchi, Japanese translation of Surrealism and Painting
• Tzara L’Arbre des voyageurs
• Film: Buñuel and Dalí L’Âge d’or
• Tracts: Un Cadavre (Paris)
• The Position of Surrealism (Belgrade)

Art works

• Dalí Guillaume Tell; Dormeuse, cheval, lion invisibles
• Giacometti Boule suspendue; Cage; L’Heure des traces
• Magritte La Clef des songes; L’Évidence éternelle
• Miró Relief Construction
• Trouille Remembrance

1931

Events

• The surrealists protest against the International Colonial Exhibition in Paris and organise a counter exhibition, The Truth about the Colonies, in association with the Comintern.
• Breton and André Salmon co-ordinate the selection of work for the the Paris-Tokyo League exhibition in Tokyo, allowing original surrealist works to be seen for the first time in Japan.
• Production of the first surrealist objects.

Publications/films

• Nadrealizam danas i ovde published in Belgrade (to 1932).
• Aragon Persécuté persécuteur
• Breton L’Union libre
• René Crevel Dali ou l’antiobscurantisme
• Dalí L’Amour et la mémoire
• Davičo, Kostić and Matić The Position of Surrealism in the Social Process
• Nezval Sexual Nocturne
• Popović and Ristić Outline for a Phenomenology of the Irrational
• Tzara L’Homme approximatif
• Tracts: Ne visitez pas l’Exposition coloniale; Au Feu!; Premier bilan de l’exposition coloniale (Paris)

Art works

• Arp Configuration
• Brauner Autoportrait à l’œil énucléé
• Dalí Feu d’artifice; Six images de Lénine sur un piano; La Persistance de la mémoire; Le Rêve; La Vieillesse de Guillaume Tell; Objet surréaliste à fonctionnement symbolique
• Ernst Loplop présente les membres du groupe surréaliste
• Giacometti Objet désagréable; Pointe à l’œil; Circuit
• Hugo Objet
• Man Ray Primat de la matière sur la pensée
• Miró Homme et femme

1932

Events

• In January, Aragon is prosecuted for “encouraging military disobedience and incitement to murder” when his poem “Red Front” is published. The surrealists rally to his defense but serious disagreements emerge leading to a definitive break with Aragon, and to Maxime Alexandre and Pierre Unik leaving the group. Disagreements in the wake of the affair also lead to the dissolving of Le Grand Jeu.
• The Surrealists join the Association of Revolutionary Writers and Artists.
• Léro, Ménil and Monnerot form a Caribbean group and publish the journal Légitime défense.
• Surrealist activity emerges in the Canary Islands, centred on the journal Gaceta de arte edited by Eduardo Westerdahl (to 1936).
• Davičo, Jovanović and Popović are arrested in Yugoslavia, bringing organized surrealist activity there to an end.

Publications/films

• Artaud Manifeste du Théâtre de la Cruauté
• Breton Misère de la poésie; Le Revolver à cheveux blancs; Les Vases communicants
• René Crevel Le Clavecin de Diderot
• Dalí Babaouo
• Paul Éluard La Vie immédiate
• Tzara Où boivent les loups
• Viot Déposition du blanc
• Tracts: L’Affaire Aragon; Paillasse! (Paris)
• La Poésie transfigurée (Brussels)

Art works

• Arp Tête couverte de trois objets désagréables: une mouche, une mandoline et une paire de moustaches; Nombril et deux idées; Sculpture à être perdue dans la forêt
• Dalí La Naissance des désirs liquides
• Domínguez Souvenir de Paris
• Giacometti Femme égorgée; On ne joue plus; Le Palais à quatre heures du matin; Main prise
• Magritte L’Inondation
• Masson Pasiphaé
• Miró Objet
• Tanguy Le Ruban des excès

1933

Events

• Final two issues of Surréalisme Au Service De La Révolution published—a letter is included from Ferdinand Alquié denouncing “the wind of systematic cretinisation blowing from the USSR”, infuriating the PCF.Breton expelled from The Association of Revolutionary Writers and Artists for “refusing to submit to the discipline of self-criticism.”
• Artaud plays Fantômas in radio version of Desnos’s La Grande complainte de Fantômas.
• The surrealists defend Violette Nozière, a young woman who murdered her father whom she accused of having raped her, and publish a collective homage to her.
• Exposition surréaliste in Paris.

Publications/films

• The first issue of Minotaure published (to 1939).
• René Crevel Les Pieds dans le plat
• Paul Éluard Comme deux gouttes d’eau
• Mesens Alphabet sourd aveugle
• Štyrský Emilie Comes to Me in a Dream
• Tzara L’Antitête
• Tract: La Mobilisation contre la Guerre n’est pas la Paix (Paris)

Art works

• Bellmer La Poupée
• Ernst La Forêt Imbalsamata
• Dalí L’Angélus architectonique de Millet; Le Phénomène de l’extase; Buste de femme rétrospectif
• Domínguez Le Dragonnier; La Boule rouge
• Giacometti Table surréaliste
• Hugo Portrait d’André Breton
• Magritte La Clef des champs; La Condition humaine; La Réponse imprévue; La Lumière des coïncidences
• Wolfgang Paalen Personnages dans une grotte
• Man Ray Monument à D. A. F. de Sade; Portrait de Meret Oppenheim (Érotique voilée)
• Miró Drawing-Collages
• Tanguy Le Fond de la tour

1934

Events

• Dali is censured by the group for his interest in Nazism and his Hitlerian fantasies.
• In response to violent fascist demonstration in Paris during February the surrealists issue an Appel à la lutte seeking the support of other left wing intellectuals.
• Formation in Belgium of the group Rupture, which will later become the Surrealist Group in Hainaut.
• Creation of the Prague group.
• Invited to Brussels, Breton gives his lecture “What is Surrealism?”
• Char introduces fourteen-year-old Gisèle Prassinos to the surrealists.
• Linien published in Copenhagen by abstract-surrealists, before split in 1935 leads to formation of two groups.

Publications/films

• Special issue of Documents 34 in Brussels devoted to an Intervention surréaliste.
• Nancy Cunard’s Negro Anthology includes a tract, Murderous Humanitarianism, and several articles by surrealists.
• Artaud Héliogabale ou l’anarchiste couronné
• Bellmer Die Puppe
• Bjerke Petersen Surrealismen
• Blanchard Malebolge
• Breton Point du jour; L’Air de l’eau
• Cahun Les Paris sont ouverts
• Char Le Marteau sans maître
• Duchamp La Mariée mise à nu par ses célibataires, même
• Paul Éluard, La Rose publique
• Ernst Une Semaine de Bonté
• Espinosa Crimen
• Gilbert-Lecomte La Vie l’amour la mort le vide et le vent
• Leiris L’Afrique fantôme
• Péret De derrière les fagots
• Tracts: « La Planète sans Visa » (Paris)
• L’Action immédiate (Brussels)

Art works

• Arp Concrétion humaine
• Brauner L’Étrange Cas de Monsieur K
• Domínguez Machine à coudre électrosexuelle
• Ernst Nageur aveugle
• Giacometti La Femme qui marche; L’Objet invisible ou Mains tenant le vide
• Magritte L’Invention collective; Le Viol
• Masson Divertissement de l’été
• Miró Escargot femme fleur étoile
• Oelze Tourments quotidiens,
• Man Ray À l’heure de l’observatoire—Les Amoureux; Minotaure; Explosante-fixe; L’Échiquier surréaliste, photomontage
• Seligmann Vagabondages héraldiques

1935

Events

• First exhibition of the newly-formed group in Prague. Breton and Paul Éluard invited to Prague, where Breton gives two important talks, “Surrealist situation of the object” and “Political Position of Surrealism today”.
• Surrealist exhibition in La Louvière, Belgium, organized by the Rupture group with the help of Mesens.
• Surrealist exhibition in Tenerife, attended by Breton and Péret.
• Breton is suspended from the Congrès des écrivains pour la défense de la culture organised by the PCF for having slapped the face of the Soviet delegate Ilya Ehrenbourg. In despair, René Crevel kills himself.
• The surrealists definitively break with the PCF.
• Reconciliation between Bataille and Breton who together found Contre-Attaque aiming to galvanise intellectuals against the fascist threat.
• César Moro organises surrealist activity in Peru.
• Vilhelm Bjerke-Petersen and Wilhelm Freddie organise surrealist activity in Copenhagen around the journal Konkretion (to 1936). International Surrealist exhibition, Kubisme-Surrealisme, held in Copenhagen.
• Caillois writes La nécessité d’esprit (not published until 1981).

Publications/films

• Single issue of Mauvais temps, journal of the Hainaut surrealists, appears.
• Bulletin international du surréalisme in Prague, Tenerife and Bruxelles.
• Blanchard Solidité de la chair
• Breton Position politique du surréalisme
• Paul Éluard and Man Ray Facile
• Embirikos Blast Furnace
• Dalí La Conquête de l’irrationnel
• Gascoyne A short survey of surrealism
• Penrose Herbe à la lune
• Prassinos La Sauterelle arthritique; Une demande en mariage
• Tzara Grains et issues
• Tracts: Du temps que les surréalistes avaient raison (Paris)
• Le Couteau dans la plaie (Brussels)

Art works

• Agar Quadriga
• Arp Métamorphose
• Domínguez Los Porrones; Ouverture
• Ernst La ville entière; Jardin gobe-avions
• Magritte Les Liaisons dangereuses; Le Modèle rouge
• Masson Le Secret du labyrinthe; Paysage aux prodiges
• Oelze L’Attente

1936

Events

• Artaud embarks for Mexico for a lecture tour and journeys to the Tarahumara Indians.
• Contre-attaque is dissolved.
• Breton gives his talk on “The Truth about the Moscow Trials”.
• Several surrealists, including Péret and Chavée, go to Spain to support the Republic in the civil war. The rebel army puts a brutal end to surrealist activity in the Canaries.
• An exhibition in New York Fantastic Art, Dada, Surrealism.
• Second international Surrealist exhibition in London; a British surrealist group is formed.
• Exhibition of surrealist objects in Paris.
• Bataille forms Acéphale.

Publications/films

• The anthologies Surrealism and Surrealismus are published in London and Prague; the journal L’Échange surréaliste in Tokyo.
• Fourth Bulletin International du Surrealisme is published in London.
• Paul Éluard Les Yeux fertiles
• Hugnet La Septième Face du dé
• Mabille La Construction de l’homme
• Nezval Woman in the Plural; Prague with Fingers of Rain; Rue Gît-le-Cœur
• Péret Je ne mange pas de ce pain-là; Je sublime; Trois cerises et une sardine
• Prassinos Quand le bruit travaille
• Rahon À même la terre
• Film: Cornell Rose Hobart
• Tract: Le Domestique zélé (Brussels)

Art works

• Bellmer Jointure à boule
• Dalí Banlieue de la ville paranoïaque-critique; Le Grand Paranoïaque
• Domínguez Décalcomanie; L’Ouvre-boîte
• Ernst La Joie de vivre
• Freddie Sex-paralysappeal
• Hayter Ophélia
• Henry Hommage à Paganini
• Magritte Éloge de la dialectique
• Maar Portrait d’Ubu
• Masson Métamorphose des amants
• Miró L’Objet du couchant
• Tanguy De l’autre côté du pont
• Ubac Penthésilées
• Oppenheim Le Déjeuner en fourrure; Ma gouvernante
• Paalen Pays interdit
• Jean Le Spectre de Gardénia

1937

Events

• International surrealist exhibition in Japan.
• Artaud, arrested in Dublin and deported, is confined to a mental asylum.
• Opening of the Gradiva gallery with door designed by Duchamp (to 1938).
• In Denmark Freddie is vilified by the press, and his exhibition closed by the police.
• Breton gives speech denouncing Moscow show trials.
• College of Sociology established by Bataille, Caillois and others.
• Surrealist Objects and Poems in London.

Publications/films

• Ubu enchaîné, book of poems and drawings produced for the production of the play by Sylvain Itkine.
• Artaud Les Nouvelles révélations de l’être; D’un voyage au pays des Tarahumaras
• Blanchard Les Barricades mystérieuses
• Breton L’amour fou
• Paul Éluard, Quelques mots qui jusqu’ici m’étaient mystérieusement interdits
• Paul Éluard and Man Ray Les Mains libres
• Henein Déraison d’être
• Mabille Thérèse de Lisieux
• Nezval The Absolute Gravedigger
• Film: Moerman Monsieur Fantômas

Art works

• Arp Concrétion humaine sur coupe
• Bellmer Mitrailleuse en état de grâce
• Brauner Adrianopole; Le Dernier voyage
• Carrington Self-Portrait
• Dalí Métamorphose de Narcisse; Cannibalisme d’automne
• Domínguez Brouette
• Ernst L’Ange du foyer
• Kitawaki For a Sleepless Night
• Magritte La Reproduction interdite; Le Drapeau noir; Le Thérapeute; Le Chant d’orage
• Mariën L’Introuvable
• Masson Ophélie
• Paalen Paysage totémique de mon enfance; Toison d’or; Fata Alaska

1937 Cover of issue 4 of the journal Shinzokei, published by surrealists in Japan.

1938

Events

• International Exhibition of Surrealism in Paris in January. A smaller version of this exhibition will travel to Amsterdam.
• Breton gives a series of lectures in Mexico. He meets Leon Trotsky at the home of Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera. Trotsky and Breton write together a manifesto, Pour un art révolutionnaire indépendant.
• Fédération internationale de l’art révolutionnaire indépendant (FIARI) founded. Surrealists break with Paul Éluard.
• Formation of the Mandrágora group in Santiago de Chile (to 1948), and the first issue of the journal Mandrágora published (to 1943).
• In London Mesens directs the London Gallery and edits the journal London Bulletin (to 1940).
• In Prague, Nezval attempts to disband the Czech surrealist group, apparently on orders from the Communist Party; the remainder of the group refuses, protesting with their text “Surrealism Against the Current”.
• Art et Liberté founded in Egypt (to 1948).

Publications/films

• Yperrealismos A anthology (Athens)
• Artaud Le Théâtre et son double
• Breton Trajectoire du rêve
• Breton and Paul Éluard, Dictionnaire abrégé du surréalisme.
• Calas Foyers d’incendie
• Paul Éluard Solidarité, Cours naturel
• Engonopoulos Do Not Speak to the Driver
• Gilbert-Lecomte Le Miroir noir
• Gracq Au château d’Argol
• Mabille La Conscience lumineuse; Égrégores ou la vie des civilisations
• Rahon Sablier couché
• Ristić Turpitude
• Tracts: Ni de votre Guerre, ni de votre Paix ! (Paris)
• Vive l’art dégénéré! (Cairo)
• Surrealism against the Current (Prague)

Art works

• Ai-Mitsu Landscape with an Eye
• Arp Croissance
• Brauner Gemini
• Domínguez Jamais; Les Siphons
• Dalí Impressions d’Afrique; Espagne
• Kahlo Lo que el agua me ha dado
• Magritte La Durée poignardée
• Masson Le Labyrinthe; La Métamorphose des amants; Le Printemps; Le Fauteuil Louis XVI; Le Peintre et le temps
• Matta Morphologie psychologique
• Oppenheim Il berce sa femme; Femme de pierre
• Paalen Nuage articulé; Paysage médusé; La Génie de l’espèce; Taches solaires
• Man Ray Le Rébus
• Seligmann L’Ultra-Meuble
• Tanguy L’Extinction des espèces

1938 International Exhibition of Surrealism in Paris Poster

1939

Events

• Dalí is excluded for supporting fascism.
• Breton mobilised as part of the war effort.
• Ernst and Bellmer are arrested as “enemy aliens” and sent to an internment camp.

Publications/films

• In Peru, El Uso de la palabra edited by Moro and Westphalen.
• Carrington La Dame ovale.
• Césaire Cahier d’un retour au pays natal
• Dumont La Région du cœur
• Paul Éluard Donner à voir
• Engonopoulos The Clavichords of Silence
• Hugnet and Bellmer Œillades ciselées en branche
• Leiris L’Âge d’homme; Glossaire j’y serre mes gloses
• Low and Bréa La Saison des flûtes
• Penrose The Road Is Wider than Long
• Toyen and Heisler Les Spectres du désert
• Film: Brunius Violons d’Ingres

Art works

• Brauner Anémone, âme du souffle du vent; Chimère; Espace psychologique; Héron d’Alexandrie
• Domínguez Les Soucoupes volantes; L’Estocade lithocronique
• Ernst L’habillement de l’épousée
• Masson L’Homme emblématique; Le Pianotaure; Gradiva
• Matta Psychology of Morphology
• Oppenheim Miroir encadré de cheveux; Table avec des pattes d’oiseau
• Onslow-Ford Toile d’araignée de l’espace
• Paalen Combat des princes saturniens III
• Tanguy L’Immeuble du temps
• Ubac La Nébuleuse

1940

Events

• Following the Occupation several surrealists take refuge in Marseilles. When Pétain visits Breton and Victor Serge, among others, are arrested and imprisoned as a preventive measure.
• Breton’s long poem Fata morgana is refused publication by the occupation censor.
• Fifth international Surrealist exhibition held in Mexico, organised by César Moro and Wolfgang Paalen.
• A clandestine surrealist group emerges in Bucharest.

Publications/films

• L’Invention collective, journal of Brussels and Hainaut groups.
• Para-surrealist publication View published in New York (to 1947).
• Breton, Anthologie de l’humour noir (banned by occupation authorities)
• Mabille Le Miroir du merveilleux
• Rius Frappe de l’Écho

Art works

• Agar L’Ange de l’Anarchie II
• Ai-Mitsu Flower Garden
• Cornell L’Égypte de Mlle Cléo de Mérode
• Brauner La Pierre philosophale; La Naissance de la matière
• Ernst Épiphanie
• Miró Constellations
• Oppenheim Le Paradis est dans la terre
• Man Ray Imaginary Portrait of D.A.F. de Sade
• Tanguy Le Diapason de satin
• Toyen Tir

1941

Events

• Nadja dies in the mental instution where she was confined.
• The surrealists in Marseilles design a new pack of cards, whose suits are Love, Dream, Knowledge and Revolution.
• Reaching Martinique in March, Breton happens upon the journal Tropiques and gets to know its editors Aimé and Suzanne Césaire.
• Breton, Masson and Ernst reach New York in July.
• Mesens and Brunius make anti-Nazi broadcasts for the BBC.
• In Japan, Takiguchi and Fukuzawa are arrested by the secret police.
• Péret, imprisoned the year before for his political activities, reaches Mexico.
• Surrealist activity continues in Paris with the Main à plume group.

Publications/films

• First issue of the semi-clandestine La Main à plume, which will appear under various titles between 1941 and 1944.
• De Schone Zakdoek is published clandestinely in Utrecht by an informal grouping of Dutch surrealists (to 1944)
• Tropiques (to 1945).
• Bataille, Madame Edwarda
• Heisler and Štyrský On the Needles of These Days
• Magloire-Saint-Aude Dialogue de mes lampes
• Rahon Noir Animal

Art works

• Bellmer L’Embryon rouge; Petite peinture de la poupée
• Brauner La Rage des Conglomers; Souffrance, souffrance,
• Colquhoun The Pine Family
• Duchamp La Boîte-en-valise
• Ernst Le miroir volé; Napoléon dans le désert
• Masson Marseille: la cité; Paysage en forme de poisson
• Matta Years of Fear; Invasion of the Night
• Onslow-Ford The Transparent Woman
• Seligmann Les Environs du château d’Argol

Jeu de Marseille. Four cards created by surrealists in Marseilles in 1941 for a new pack of playing cards replacing the traditional suits by key surrealists themes of ‘Love’, ‘Revolution’, ‘Dream’ and ‘Knowledge’. The four cards here come from the Revolution suit, the Ace (designed by Jacqueline Lamba), the Genius, Sade, and the Siren, Lamiel, both designed by Jacques Hérold, and the Magus, Pancho Villa, designed by Max Ernst. The cards were reproduced in the surrealist journal VVV, published in the US. (Photo by Photo 12/ Universal Images Group via Getty Images)

1942

Events

• Breton works as an announcer on the Voice of America.
• Fernand Dumont is arrested and deported.
• First papers of surrealism in New York organized by Breton and Duchamp.
• Breton gives a lecture at Yale University, “Situation of Surrealism Between the Two Wars”.
• Paalen founds the journal DYN, saying “farewell to surrealism” (to 1944).

Publications/films

• First issue of the journal VVV is published in New York (to 1944).
• Arson: An Ardent Review (London)
• Breton Prolégomènes à un troisième manifeste ou non
• Calas Confound the Wise
• Dumont Traitée des fées
• Moro Lettre d’amour
• Pedro Apenas uma narrativa
• Péret Les Malheurs d’un dollar

Art works

• Ai-Mitsu Insect in the flower Garden
• Cornell Medici Slot Machine
• Duchamp À la manière de Delvaux
• Ernst L’Antipape; L’Europe après la pluie; Le Surréalisme et la peinture; La Planète affolée
• Hérold La Liseuse d’aigle
• Masson Méditation sur une feuille de chêne; Paysage iroquois
• Matta The Earth Is a Man; Ici, Monsieur le Feu, mangez
• Tanguy Divisibilité indéfinie
• Tanning Birthday
• Toyen L’Heure dangereuse

1943

Events

• In New York Yvan Goll publishes the journal Hémisphère with work by the surrealists in exile.
• Spořilov surrealists know a brief activity in Prague (to 1945).

Publications/films

• La Poesía Sorprendida, Santo Domingo (to 1947).
• La Parole est à Péret
• Bataille, L’Expérience intérieure
• Bréa and Low La Verdad contemporánea
• Masson Anatomy of My Universe
• Mariën Les Poids et les mesures
• Nougé Rene Magritte ou les Images defendues
• Tract: Nom de Dieu! (Paris)

Art works

• Brauner Les Amoureux
• Cornell Habitat Group for a Shooting Gallery
• Duchamp Allégorie de genre
• Ernst Vox angelica
• Freddie Promenade au front
• Gorky Waterfall
• Heisler Le Surmâle
• Lam La Jungle
• Masson Antille; Pasiphaé
• Matta Inscape; Children’s Fear of Idols
• Onslow-Ford Le Pays lumineux
• Seligmann Mélusine et les grands transparents
• Tanning Eine kleine Nachtmusik
• Toyen Relâche
• Trouille Le Palais des merveilles

1944

Events

• Desnos is arrested and deported to Buchenwald.
• La Main à plume dissolves over political differences.
• In London Mesens and Brunius issue Idolatry and confusion against Toni Del Renzio
• Breton and Elisa Claro travel to the Gaspé peninsula and the Laurentian Mountains in Canada, where Breton writes Arcane 17.

Publications/films

• Bataille Le coupable
• Luca Quantitativement aimée
• Mesens Troisième Front
• Serpan Les Roses d’Ispahan

Art works

• Ernst L’Œil du silence
• Gorky The Liver Is the Cock’s Comb; One Year the Milkweed; Water of the Flowery Mill
• Lam Le Présent éternel
• Matta Le Vertige d’Éros; The Onyx of Electra
• Trouille Le Dialogue au Carmel

1945

Events

• Breton, in Nevada for his divorce, visits Hopi and Navajo reservations.
• Breton visits Haiti for a lecture tour at the invitation of Mabille.
• Exhibition Surréalisme organized in Brussels.

Publications/films

• Avenir du surréalisme, final publication of La Main à plume.
• Mariën (ed.) La Terre n’est pas une vallée de larmes
• Fardoulis-Lagrange and Jean Maquet found the journal Troisième convoi (to 1951).
• Bataille Sur Nietzsche
• Breton Arcane 17
• Carrington En bas
• Embirikos Inner Earth
• Henein Prestige de la terreur; Qui êtes-vous, Monsieur Aragon?
• Leiris Nuits sans nuit
• Luca Le Vampire passif
• Luca and Trost Dialectique de la dialectique
• Monnerot La Poésie moderne et le Sacré
• Nadeau, Histoire du surréalisme
• Nezval Valerie and Her Week of Wonders
• Paalen Form and Sense
• Péret Le Déshonneur des poètes
• Scutenaire Mes Inscriptions

Art works

• Carrington The House Opposite
• Ernst Euclid; La tentation de Saint Antoine
• Lam La Réunion
• Matta Le Poète; La Femme affamée; X-Space and the Ego

1946

Events

• Special issue of the journal La Ruche published in Haiti in homage to Breton immediately banned by the government. Riots follow, leading to the overthrow of the government.
• Breton returns to France in May.
• Artaud is released from Rodez; homage is paid to him at the Théâtre Sarah-Bernhardt.
• Yves Bonnefoy, Iaroslav Serpan and Claude Tarnaud form the short-lived group La Révolution la nuit.
• The Automatistes hold their first significant exhibition in Montreal, followed by a second one the next year.
• L’Infra-Noir exhibition in Bucharest.
• Formation of the Ra group in Prague (to 1948).

Publications/films

• Publication in Brussels of journals Le Suractuel and Les Deux Sœurs (to 1947).
• Watson Taylor (ed.) Free Unions libres
• Arp Le Siège de l’air
• Césaire Les Armes miraculeuses
• Dotremont and Seeger La Grasse matinée
• Engonopoulos The Return of the Birds
• Leiris Aurora
• Low Alquimia del recuerdo
• Luca Les Orgies des quanta
• Mabille Le Merveilleux
• Nougé La Conférence de Charleroi
• Péret Main forte
• Tract: Magritte Le Surréalisme en plein soleil (Brussels)

Art works

• Brauner Coup du doute; Le Lion double
• Gorky Charred beloved
• Hérold La Femmoiselle
• Martins L’Impossible III
• Matta Être avec; A Grave Situation
• Tanning Maternité
• Toyen Au château La Coste; Mythe de la lumière; Tremblement dans le cristal

1947

Events

• Tzara gives a lecture at the Sorbonne attacking surrealism, against which Breton protests.
• Jean-Paul Sartre attacks the surrealists as bourgeois.
• Formation of revolutionary-surrealist groups in France and Belgium, which advocate collaboration with the Communist Party. Revolutionary-surrealist tracts Pas de quartiers dans la révolution!, Manifeste des surréalistes révolutionnaires en France, and La Cause est entendue. Responding to Breton’s Ode à Charles Fourier, Dotremont publishes Ode à Marx.
• Creation of a surrealist group in Portugal.
• Sixth international Surrealist exhibition is held in Paris, Le Surréalisme en 1947, which will travel to Prague in reduced form.
• Heisler and Toyen leave Prague to settle in Paris.
• Bloodflames, curated by Calas and designed by Kiesler, the last significant manifestation of surrealist activity in the US until the formation of the Chicago Surrealist Group in 1966.

Publications/films

• Henein founds La Part du sable (to 1950).
• First fascicle of Encylopédie Da Costa appears, with the collaboration of several surrealists (to 1949).
• Artaud, Artaud le Momo; Van Gogh le suicidé de la société
• Blanchard La Hauteur des murs
• Breton Ode à Charles Fourier
• Chazal Sens plastique II
• Heisler and Toyen Cache-toi, guerre!
• Mariën Les Corrections naturelles
• Péret Feu central
• Scutenaire Les Vacances d’un enfant
• Tracts:
• Liberté est un mot Vietnamien; Rupture inaugurale (Paris)
• Éloge de Malombra (Bucharest)

Art works

• Brauner Le Loup-table; Maison hantée; Matriarcat; Le Surréaliste
• Duchamp Prière de toucher
• Gorky Agony
• Hérold Le Grand Transparent
• Kiesler Le Rayon vert; Salle des superstitions
• Kitawaki Explanatory Diagram of Sesshu’s Paranoia
• Lam Les Noces; Tête (Canaïma)
• Magritte La Philosophie dans le boudoir
• Matta Le Pèlerin du doute; How-Ever
• Paalen Selam trilogy
• Toyen La Fenêtre de ‘Magna sed apta’
• Trouille Mes funérailles; Mon tombeau

1948

Events

• Finding it too disturbing, the director of Radiodiffusion française pulls Artaud’s radio play Pour en finir avec le jugement de Dieu from the schedule on the day it is due to be broadcast.
• Arenas organises Exposicion internacional Surrealista in Chile.
• An exhibition of Magritte’s recent “Vache” paintings shocks everyone in Paris.
• Matta is expelled for apparent responsibility in Arshile Gorky’s suicide leading to a rupture within the Paris group and the expulsion of Brauner and his supporters.
• Secession of Os Surrealistas from surrealist group in Lisbon.

Publications/films

• First issue of Néon (to 1949).
• Single issue of journal Le Surréalisme révolutionnaire.
• Automatistes publish the pamphlet Refus global in Montreal, which includes the tract of the same name.
• Artaud Pour en finir avec le jugement de Dieu
• Breton La Lampe dans l’horloge
• Breton and Masson Martinique charmeuse de serpents
• Césaire Soleil cou coupé
• Gracq, André Breton, quelques aspects de l’auteur; Le roi pechêur.
• Henein and Younane Notes sur une ascèse hystérique
• Leiris, Biffures
• Seligmann The Mirror of Magic
• Film: Richter Dreams that Money Can Buy
• Tract: À la niche les glapisseurs de Dieu! (Paris)

Art works

• Max Ernst Capricorn
• Magritte La Mémoire

1948 Issue 2 of the journal NEON, published by the surrealist group in Paris.

1949

Events

• Exhibitions by rival surrealist groups in Lisbon.
• Surrealistisk Manifestation, exhibition in Stockholm.

Publications/films

• Bataille La Part maudite
• Bellmer Les Jeux de la poupée
• Blanchot La Part du feu
• Breton Flagrant délit
• Mabille, Initiation à la connaissance de l’homme
• Péret La Brebis galante
• Rodanski La Victoire à l’ombre des ailes
• Tract: Les Surréalistes à Garry Davis (Paris)

Art works

• Miró Femmes devant la lune

1950

Events

• Breton writes an open setter to Paul Éluard asking him to intervene on behalf of their friend Záviš Kalandra in Czechoslovakia, condemned to death for supposed counter-revolutionary activity; Paul Éluard will contemptuously refuse.
• Major disagreements emerge at the heart of the French group over the participation of the Catholic writer Michel Carrouges.

Publications/films

• Surrealistische Publikationen published in Klagenfurt, Austria (with a second issue in 1953).
• Almanach surréaliste du demi-siècle
• Caillois L’homme et le sacré
• Cesariny Corpo visível
• Duprey Derrière son double
• Ferry Le Mécanicien et autres contes
• Fourré La Nuit du Rose-Hôtel
• Gracq La Littérature à l’estomac
• Jean and Mezei Genèse de la pensée moderne
• Film: Buñuel Los Olvidados
• Tract: Comunicado dos surrealistas portugueses (Lisbon)

Art works

• Carrington The Giantess
• Duchamp Feuille de vigne femelle
• Molinier La Comtesse Midralgar
• Miró Personnage dans la nuit
• Toyen Les Quatre Éléments

1951 Nora Mitrani at the time of her visit to Portugal to establish colaboration between the French and Portuguese Surrealist Groups, photographed by Fernando Lemos.

1951

Events

• In the fallout from “the Carrouges affair” most of the “old guard” surrealists leave the group.
• The surrealists contribute to Le Libertaire, the newspaper of the Anarchist Federation. Breton is interviewed for a series of talks on French radio.
• L’Âge du cinéma published in Paris by several critics associated with the surrealist group (to 1952).

Publications/films

• Gracq Le Rivage des Syrtes
• Granell Isla cofre mítico
• Paz ¿Águila o sol ?
• Penrose Dons de féminines
• Tracts: Haute Fréquence; Déclaration préalable (Paris)

Art works

• Matta Les Roses sont belles
• Toyen À la roue d’or

1951 Cover of the second issue of the surrealist film journal, L’Age du Cinema.

1952

Events

• An exhibition of Surrealist art is presented in Saarbrucken.
• The para-surrealist group Phases is formed, which is active until 2008.
• Opening of the gallery À l’étoile scellée in Paris; Breton is its artistic director until it closes in 1956.

Publications/films

• Founding of new journal, Médium (two series, 1952–53 and 1953–55)
• A partir de cero published in Buenos Aires (to 1956).
• Breton Entretiens
• Péret Air mexicain
• Claude Tarnaud The Whiteclad Gambler
• Film: Buñuel El
• Tracts: Bas les masques! Bas les pattes!; A l’assassin! (against Alfaro Siqueiros); Étoile double (Paris)

Art works

• Magritte L’Explication; Valeurs personnelles

1953

Publications/films

• Breton La Clé des champs
• Cirlot Introducción al surrealismo; El Mundo del objeto a la luz del surrealismo
• Ferry Une Étude sur Raymond Roussel
• Hamoir Boulevard Jacqmain
• Kyrou Le Surréalisme au cinéma
• Lam and Char, Le Rempart de brindilles
• Luca Héros-Limite
• Malrieu Préface à l’amour
• Mansour Cris
• Trost Visible et invisible
• Film: Zimbacca and Bédouin L’Invention du monde
• Tract: A Afixação proibida (Lisbon)

Art works

• Brauner Prélude à une civilization; Mémoire des réflexes
• Carrington And then we saw the daughter of the Minotaur
• Matta À chaque aube je m’heure; Matinant

1954

Events

• Max Ernst, awarded the Grand prix for painting at the Venice Biennale, is in consequence excluded from the French group.

Publications/films

• First issue of Les Lèvres nues edited by Marcel Mariën (to 1958).
• First issue of Phases (two series, 1954 to 1967 and 1969 to 1975).
• Breton, Deharme, Gracq and Tardieu Farouche à quatre feuilles
• Brunius En marge du cinéma français
• Zürn Hexentexte

Art works

• Arp Fleur de rêve au museau
• Brauner Femme se dépliant; Prélude à une civilisation
• Paalen Vous ici?
• Tanguy Multiplication des arcs

1955

Publications/films

• Bataille La littérature et le mal
• Césaire Discours sur le colonialisme
• Mansour Déchirures
• Lebel Chantage de la beauté
• Claude Tarnaud La Forme réfléchie
• Trost Librement mécanique
• Film: Buñuel The Criminal Life of Archimboldo de la Cruz
• Tract: Cote d’Alerte (Paris)

Art works

• Brauner Germination
• Lam Femme fleurie
• Masson Le Voyageur
• Parent J’habite au choc
• Sage Tomorrow is never
• Varo Sympathie; Música solar

1956

Publications/films

• First issue of the journal Le Surréalisme même (to 1959).
• Péret (ed.) Anthologie de l’amour sublime
• Caillois L’incertitude qui vient des rêves
• Van Hirtum Les Insolites
• Nougé Histoire de ne pas rire
• Tracts: Au tour des livrées sanglantes!; Hongrie, soleil levant (Paris)

Art works

• Cárdenas Couple antillais
• Oppenheim Le Couple
• Toyen La Belle Amoureuse

1957

Publications/films

• El AGC de Mandrágora
• Bataille L’Érotisme
• Bellmer Petite anatomie de l’inconscient physique ou l’Anatomie de l’image
• Breton L’Art magique, with Gérard Legrand
• Kyrou Amour-érotisme et cinéma
• Péret Le Gigot, sa vie et son œuvre
• Tracts: Coup de Semonce; Contre Céline (Paris)

Art works

• Ernst Les Dieux obscurs
• Varo Creación de las aves

1958

Publications/films

• First issue of the journal Bief, Jonction surréaliste (to 1960).
• First issue of Edda, a journal aligned with Phases (to 1964).
• Cabanel À l’animal noir
• Mansour Les Gisants satisfaits; Jules César
• Wilson and Valaoritis Terre de diamant
• Film: Kyrou Le Palais idéal
• Tract: Démasquez les physiciens, Videz les laboratoires (Paris)

Art works

• Magritte Les Vacances de Hegel
• Masson Couple dans la nuit

1959

Events

• Eighth international Surrealist exhibition held in Paris (EROS) devoted to eroticism in Paris. To mark the occasion, Meret Oppenheim presents her Cannibal Feast, while Jean Benoît enacts his Execution of the Testament of the Marquis de Sade.
• An exhibition organized by the surrealist group in Paris and by Phases opened in Cracow and toured to Warsaw and Lublin. This inaugurates a collaboration between the two groups which lasts until 1963.
• Establishment of a surrealist circle in Holland.

Publications/films

• Breton and Miró Constellations
• Benayoun La Science met bas
• Granell La Novela del Indio Tupinamba
• Lebel Sur Marcel Duchamp
• Tract: Message des surréalistes aux intellectuels polonais (Paris)

Art works

• Magritte Le Château des Pyrénées
• Oppenheim Le Festin
• Parent Masculin/Féminin
• Parent and Duchamp Boîte alerte (missives lascives)

1960

Events

• In New York, Surrealist intrusion in the enchanters’ domain, organised by Breton and Duchamp; the surrealists protest at Duchamp’s decision to accept a painting by Dali.
• Surrealists initiate and sign the incendiary Déclaration sur le droit à l’insoumission dans la guerre d’Algérie.

Publications/films

• Péret (ed.) L’anthologie des mythes, légendes et contes populaires de l’Amérique
• Embirikos Writings, or Personal Mythology
• Ivšić Mavena
• Luca La Clef
• Mansour Rapaces
• Paz Piedra de sol
• Films: De Heusch Magritte ou la leçon des choses
• Mariën L’Imitation du cinéma
• Tracts: À vous de dire; Des biscuits pour la route; Tir de barrage; Déclaration sur le Droit à l’Insoumission dans la Guerre d’Algérie; We don’t EAR it that way (Paris)

Art works

• Trouille Stigma diaboli
• Varo Chez le chirurgien esthétique; Mimétisme
• Cardenas Bonjour à la terre

‘La Promenade de Venus’, the venue for the French surrealist group daily meetings through the 1960s.

1961

Events

• Tenth international surrealist exhibition at Galleria Schwarz, Milan.

Publications/films

• First issue of journal La Brèche (to 1965).
• Bédouin Vingt ans de surréalisme
• Cabanel Maliduse
• Colquhoun Goose of Hermogenes
• Luca L’Extrême-Occidentale
• Films: Buñuel, Viridiana
• Kaplan Gustave Moreau
• Tract: Sauve qui doit (Paris)

Art works

• Cárdenas Petite porte
• Magritte La Poitrine; Le Prêtre marié
• Toyen Minuit l’heure blasonnée

1962

Events

• Greffages exhibition, Paris, in conjunction with Phases Movement, conceived as a response to the Art of Assemblage exhibition of the previous year in New York.

Publications/films

• Film: Buñuel The Exterminating Angel

1963

Publications/films

• Borde L’Extricable
• Dalí Le Mythe tragique de l’Angélus de Millet
• Luca Sept Slogans ontophoniques
• Tracts: La voie inique; Face aux liquidateurs (Paris)

Art works

• Derkervorkian The Frightful Embrace

1964

Events

• Liberalisation of the political regime in Czechoslovakia allows the group in Prague limited scope to exhibit and publish work for the first time since 1948.

Publications/films

• Dutch surrealists publish the first issue of their journal, Brumes Blondes (published in four series, to 2010).
• Lebel La Double Vue
• Lecomte Le Carnet et les instants
• Film: Borde Molinier
• Tracts: Face aux liquidateurs; L’exemple de Cuba et la Révolution (Paris)
• Vous voyez avec votre nombril (Brussels)

Art works

• Carrington El Mundo mágico de los mayas
• Graverol La goutte d’eau
• De Sanctis and Sterpini Officina undici

1965

Events

• Eleventh international Surrealist exhibition, L’Écart absolu, in Paris
• Founding of surrealist group in Brazil.

Publications/films

• Benayoun Érotique du surréalisme
• Breton Le Surréalisme et la peinture (definitive edition)
• Cesariny A cidade queimada
• Duprey La Fin et la manière
• Mansour Carré blanc
• Aldo Pellegrini Para contribuir a la confusión general
• Pierre Ça ira
• Pizarnik Los Trabajos y las noches
• Film: Buñuel Simon of the Desert
• Tract: Tranchons-en (Paris)

Art works

• Rahon The Ballad for Frida Kahlo
• Benoît The Bulldog of Maldoror; Le Nécrophile

Cuban 1965 stamp depicting abstract painting titled 'Abstraccion' by Wifredo Lam. Wifredo Lam was a Cuban artist who sought to portray and revive the enduring Afro-Cuban spirit and culture. (Photo by Roberto Machado Noa/LightRocket via Getty Images)

1966

Events

• Death of André Breton.
• Founding of the Chicago Surrealist Group.
• Symbols of Monstrosity, first group exhibition of surrealist art in Czechoslovakia since 1947, in Prague.

Publications/films

• A single issue of the journal L’Ékart appears in Lyon, consolidating a relation of its editors with the Paris group.
• Caillois Pierres
• Cesariny A intervenção surrealista
• Lamantia Touch of the Marvelous
• Nougé L’Expérience continue
• Pizarnik Extracción de la piedra de la locura
• Claude Tarnaud L’Aventure de la Marie-Jeanne
• Tracts: Ni aujourd’hui, ni de cette manière (Paris)
• The Forecast Is Hot! (Chicago)

Art works

• Duchamp Étant donnés
• Toyen Paravent

1967

Events

• Several surrealists attend a cultural conference in Cuba, causing a minor scandal when Mexican painter Alfaro Siqueiros is physically attacked by Joyce Mansour for having attempted to assassinate Trotsky.
• Resumption of surrealist activity in England: John Lyle establishes the journal TRANSFORMAcTION (to 1979) and organises the exhibition The Enchanted Domain in Exeter.
• Twelfth international surrealist exhibition, A phala, in São Paulo.
• Surrealismo en la Argentina, exhibition organized by Aldo Pellegrini in Buenos Aires.

Publications/films

• First issue of L’Archibras (to 1969).
• Ivsic Le Puits dans la tour
• Le Brun Sur le champ
• Film: Buñuel Belle de Jour
• Tracts: Pour un demain joueur; beau comme BEAU COMME; Pour Cuba (Paris)
• This Too Will Burn! (Chicago)

1968

Events

• Thirteenth International Surrealist Exhibition, The Pleasure Principle, in Prague, Brno, Bratislava. French and Czech surrealists compose the important tract La Plate-forme de Prague.
• Surrealist exhibition in Chicago.

Publications/films

• The broadsheet Surrealist Insurrection appears in Chicago (to 1972).
• Camacho L’Arbre acide
• Ivsic Le roi Gordogane
• Nougé Subversion des images
• Rosemont The Morning of a Machine Gun
• Tracts: Pas de Pasteurs pour cette rage!(Paris); La Plate-forme de Prague (international)
• Protest; In Defence of Dionysius (Chicago)

1968 Poster for the First exhibition by the surrealist group in Chicago. Image by Franklin Rosemont © estate of Franklin Rosemont.

1969

Events

• Schuster announces the dissolution of the French Group in Le Quatrième Chant, published in Le Monde. Bounoure launches an enquiry on the future of surrealism, Rien ou quoi?

Publications/films

• First issue of Analogon (Prague)
• The Surrealist Point of Departure, 1938–68, collection of texts by Czechoslovak surrealists.
• Coupure (to 1972).
• Cabanel Odeurs d’amour
• Havlíček Connaissance et création
• Lebel L’Oiseau caramel
• Zürn Dunkler Frühling
• Schuster Archives 57/68
• Films: Benayoun Paris n’existe pas
• Buñuel La voie lactée
• Tracts: Aux Grands Oublieurs, salut!; Sas (Paris)
• The Possible against the Current; So That Everything Is Not Forgotten (Prague)

1970

Events

• Following the enquiry conducted by Bounoure, some participants decide to publish the journal Bulletin de liaison surréaliste. Schuster and those who agree with him form the Coupure collective as an extension of surrealist activity, but without laying claim to the legacy of surrealism; as a cutting of historical ties without renouncing the necessity of surrealism.
• A crackdown by the government condemns the Czechoslavak group to a largely subterranean existence until 1989. The Bulletin de liaison surréaliste provides an opening to Czech surrealists who are otherwise unable to publish.
• Surrealismo en Chile exhibition, Santiago

Publications/films

• First issue of the Chicago group’s journal, Arsenal: Surrealist Subversion (to 1989).
• Breton Perspective cavalière
• Cabanel Les Fêtes sévères
• Duprey La Forêt sacrilège
• Lamantia The Blood of the Air
• Mansour Ça
• Štyrský Dreamverse
• Del Valle Eva y la fuga
• Films: Benayoun Passage Breton
• Buñuel Tristana
• Sváb L’Autre Chien
• Tracts: Manifesto on the Position and the Direction of the Surrealist Movement in the United States; Pablo Neruda: A Corpse (Chicago)

Art works

• Okamoto Tower of the Sun

1971

Publications/films

• Alechinsky Roue libre
• Legrand Préface au système de l’éternité
• Zürn L’Homme-Jasmin
• Tracts: No Surrealism for the Enemies of Surrealism! (international)
• Declaration of War; The Anteater’s Umbrella; Toward the Second Chicago Fire; War, Hide Yourself! (Chicago).

1972

Events

• A split within the Coupure collective in Paris results in the formation of Éditions Maintenant (to 1976).

Publications/films

• Le Vocatif (edited by Tom Gutt) established in Brussels (to 1993).
• Earnshaw Seven Secret Alphabets
• Legrand Sur Œdipe
• Films: Buñuel The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie
• Švankmajer Jabberwocky

Art works

• Stejskal Marx’s Smile

1973

Publications/films

• In Paris, Abdul Kader el Janaby establishes the journal Le Désir libertaire, published in Arabic (to 1974; second series 1980–83).
• Tract: Lettre à l’AIM (Paris)

1974

Publications/films

• Surrealist section of City Lights Anthology.
• Montana Gothic begins publishing in Missoula, Montana (to 1977).
• Alexandrian Le Surréalisme et le rêve
• Carrington The Hearing Trumpet
• Elléouët Livre des rois de Bretagne
• Film: Buñuel The Phantom of Liberty
• Tracts: Lighthouse of the Future; The Monster of Consciousness Remains at Large (Chicago); Black Widow (Columbus)

1975

Events

• Surrealist groups protest the imprisonment of Breyten Breytenbach in South Africa.
• Oasis Editions begins publishing in Toronto.
• Armes et bagages, surrealist exhibition in Lyon.

Publications/films

• The French journal Change publishes, under the title Change mondial II, an anthology of Czech surrealist writings, at a time when the Czech group is forbidden to publish and exhibit.
• Doumayrou Géographie sidérale
• Garon Blues and the Poetic Spirit
• Paon Zaharia La Rose parallèle
• Film: Benayoun Sérieux comme le plaisir
• Tract: Manifesto of the Arab Surrealist Movement

1976

Events

• Sixteenth International Surrealist Exhibition, Marvelous Freedom, Vigilance of Desire in Chicago.

Publications/films

• Bounoure (ed.) Le Civilisation surréaliste, which includes contributions from Czech and French surrealists.
• Cesariny Textos de affirmação e de combate do movimento surrealista mondial
• Elléouët Falch’un
• Hamoir Corne de brume
• Luca Paralipomènes
• Prassinos Trouver sans chercher
• Van Hirtum La Nuit mathématique
• Tract: 1976: End of the “American Way of Life” (Chicago)

Cover of the catalogue for the International Surrealist Exhibition in Chicago 1976. Image by Eugenio Granell. © The estate of Eugenio Granell.

1977

Events

• The BLS group publish two issues of its journal Surréalisme.
• Alice Farley performs In(Visible Woman) in New York.
• Founding of West Coast Surrealist Group in Vancouver, based on group activity dating back to 1970 (active to 1999).
• Surrealist group in Australia formed, initially in Adelaide (active to 1992).
• Surrealist group formed in Buenos Aires (to 1992).

Publications/films

• Le Brun Lâchez tout
• Film: Buñuel, That Obscure Object of Desire

1978

Events

• The surrealists in Chicago organise an exhibition, One Hundredth Anniversary of Hysteria, in Cedarburg, Wisconsin.
• Alice Farley performs Land’s End in San Francisco.
• First historical exhibition devoted to Dada and surrealist periodicals, Dada and Surrealism Reviewed, London; by counterpoint, two rival surrealist exhibitions are organized in London at same time: Surrealism Unlimited and TRANSFORMAcTION Revisited.
• Glass Veal group formed in Birmingham, Alabama, by former members of Raudelunas, which is active until 1993.

Publications/films

• Single issue of Dream Helmet appears.
• El Orfebre published in Gijón (to 1979)
• Flagrant délit published in Nancy (to 1980)
• Le La published in Geneva (to 1981)
• Caillois, Le fleuve Alphée; Approches de la poésie
• Camacho and Gruger Héraldique alchimique nouvelle
• Le Brun Appel d’air
• Mayoux Traité des fourchettes
• Rosemont André Breton and the First Principles of Surrealism

1979

Events

• Melmoth group founded in London (to 1981).
• Medúsa group formed in Iceland (to 1986).

Publications/films

• Scarabeus begins publishing in Vancouver (to 1998).
• Ellébore appears in Paris (to 1984).
• The Insurrectionist’s Shadow published in Adelaide (to 1980).
• The Moment appears in Paris (to 1980).
• Goutier (ed.) Discours
• Dumont Dialectique du hasard au service du désir
• Zeller In the Country of the Antipodes
• Tracts: Encore une fois (Paris)
• Trajectory of Passion (London)

1979 Special issue of the magazine Cultural Correspondence, edited by the Surrealist Group in Chicago

1980

Events

• Franklin Rosemont edits Surrealism and its Popular Accomplices for special issue of Cultural Correspondence in the US.

Publications/films

• Melmoth published in London (to 1981).
• Vancouver Surrealist Newsletter established in Vancouver, which will become Melmoth Vancouver (to 1986).
• El Huebo filosófico published in Toronto (to 1990).
• Cesariny Primavera autónoma das estradas
• Ducornet The Butcher’s Tales

Art works

• Earnshaw The Boyhood of Don Juan

1981

Events

• Permanence du regard surréaliste, exhibition in Lyon organized by Phases
• Alice Farley Dance Theatre, The Atomic Thief in the Circus of Crime, New York

Publications/films

• Cesariny Manual de Prestidigitação
• Lamantia Becoming Visible
• Roger Paris et l’alchimie

1982

Publications/films

• Free Spirits: Annals of the Insurgent Imagination
• Abeille Les Jardins statuaires
• Earnshaw Flick Knives & Forks
• Le Brun Les Châteaux de la subversion
• Film: Švankmajer Dimensions of Dialogue

1983

Events

• Harvest of Evil exhibition, Columbus, Ohio

Publications/films

• Dunganon published in Örkelljunga, Sweden (to 1987).

1984

Events

• Seventeenth International Surrealist exhibition, in collaboration with the Phases Movement, in Lisbon.

Publications/films

• Ted Joans edits single issue of Dies und Das in Berlin.
• Ojo de aguijón published in Paris (to 1987).
• Homnesies published in Paris (to 1985).
• Literature published in London (to 1986).
• Ducornet The Stain
• Le Brun À distance
• Lima Collage em nova superficie

1985

Events

• Magnets of the Polar Horn exhibition, San Francisco

Publications/films

• Grid published in Paris (to 1987).
• Becker, Jaguer and Král (eds.) Das surrealistische Gedicht
• Le Brun Soudain un bloc d’abîme, Sade
• Naum Zenobia
• Tracts: Surrealism Here and Now! (Stockholm)
• Surrealism Is Elsewhere (Chicago)

1986

Events

• The Secret Face of Scandal, exhibition of Hydra group in New York
• Founding of a Surrealist group in Stockholm.

Publications/films

• International Surrealist Bulletin
• Ducornet Entering Fire
• Lamantia Meadowlark West

1987

Events

• Surrealist group established in Madrid and publishes a journal, Salamandra.
• Les Boules, a group dedicated to collective automatic creation, formed in Montreal.

Publications/films

• A surrealist journal, Extrance, founded in Bolton (to 1990).
• Doumayrou Évocation de l’esprit des lieux
• Film: Švankmajer Alice
• Tract: Hermetic Bird (international)

Art works

• Benoît L’Aigle, Madamoiselle

Still from Nĕco z Alenky (Alice), a film by Jan Švankmajer (1987). Condor Features in association with Film Four International and Hessicher Rundfunk. Courtesy of Athanor. All rights reserved.

1988

Events

• Alice Farley Dance Theatre performs Anggrek: The Human Life of Plants in New York.

Publications/films

• Vancrevel and De Vries (eds.) Surrealistische Ontmoetingen
• Benayoun Le Rire des surréalistes
• Le Brun Vagit-prop
• Mitrani Rose au cœur violet
• Roger À la découverte de l’alchimie

Art works

• Matta Nuclear Music

Rik Lina Lwa : Marassa -Twins - diptych: ink and oil paint on locally prepared linen - 70x40cm. + acrylic paint and sand on burlap mounted on plastic - 70x35cm. © Rik Lina, 1988

1989

Events

• The “Velvet Revolution” makes public activities possible again for the Czechoslovak Surrealists.
• De automatische Verbeelding, exhibition of surrealist art from the Netherlands in three Dutch museums.

Publications/films

• Single issue of Chrome published in London.
• Ducornet The Fountains of Neptune
• Tract: It Is Time to Destroy All the Bastilles in the World (Chicago)

1990

Events

• In Czechoslovakia Analogon resumes publication, celebrated with an exhibition in Paris, Analogon: Journey through the colours of time, organised by Peter Wood.
• Groupe de Paris du mouvement surréaliste established, which would later published the journal S.U.RR ... (to 2014).

Publications/films

• Droomschaar published in Amsterdam (to 1994).
• Mannan på gatan published in Stockholm (and in 1994).
• Embirikos The Great Eastern
• Le Brun Qui vive
• Rammel Nowhere in America
• Tracts: Aux indiens Mohawks; À la mémoire des cadavres futurs (Paris)

1991

Events

• The Czechoslovak group organises two exhibitions, The Third Ark in Prague, and Dream, Eroticism, Interpretation in Bratislava; The Šternberg group also holds its first exhibition, Erotic Communication.
• Alice Farley Dance Theatre performs Black Water: Dancing below the Light in New York.
• CAPA (Collective Automatic Painting Amsterdam) founded in that city.

Publications/films

• International Surrealist Bulletin (to 1992).
• Camacho Le Hibou philosophe
• Luca La Proie s’ombre
• Tracts: Mirages (Paris)
• The Public Sphere and Curiosity (Stockholm)

1992

Events

• The AIV group in Brno organises the first of its stage performances, The Counterfeiters, which will continue until 1997.

Publications/films

• Guy Ducornet, Le Punching-ball et le vache à lait, attacking academic distortions of surrealism.
• Tracts: 1492–1992: « As Long as Tourists Replace Seers » (international)
• Affaire déclassée (Paris)
• A River’s Revenge (Chicago)

1993

Events

• Exhibition Terre intérieure in Paris
• Alice Farley Dance Theatre performs Ghosts of Ayo: Imaginary Ancestors in Aruba.

Publications/films

• Martins (ed.) Escrituras surrealistas (and 1996)
• Ducornet The Jade Cabinet
• Tracts: Three Days That Shook the New World Order (Chicago)
• La Source bouchée (Stockholm)

John Welson Between Past and Future, oil on board, 90x70 cms. © John Welson 1993

1994

Events

• Founding of the Leeds Surrealist Group.
• Davison and Higgins establish the International Bureau of Recordist Investigation in Toronto (to 2004).

Publications/films

• Film: Švankmajer Faust
• Tract: Le Surréalisme et le devenir révolutionnaire (Paris)

Still from Lekce Faust, a film by Jan Švankmajer (1994). Athanor, s. r. o. in coproduction with Lumen films, Heart of Europe Prague Production, BBC Bristol, Konnick International and Pandora film. Courtesy of Athanor. All rights reserved.

1995

Events

• Group formed in Ostrava, Czech Republic.

Publications/films

• Sarane Alexandrian founds Supérieur inconnu (to 2011).
• Stora Saltet published in Stockholm (to 1998).
• El Janaby Horizon vertical
• Lima A Aventura Surrealista (second volume in 2010)
• Tract: Paper, Scissors, Stone (Stockholm)

1996

Events

• Alice Farley Dance Theatre performs Erotec: The Human Life of Machines in New York.

Publications/films

• Paris Group establishes a new journal, S.U.RR . . . (to 2005).
• Luca La voici la voie silanxieuse
• Film: Švankmajer Conspirators of Pleasure
• Tract: Sa Puanteur Voyage (Paris)

Art works

• Parent Maîtresse

1997

Events

• The Brno based AIV group merges with the established Czech/Slovak group.

Publications/films

• The Forecast is Hot!: Tracts and Other Collective Declarations of the Surrealist Movement in the United States
• Lamantia Bed of Sphinxes
• Sebbag Le Point sublime
• Tract: Fists Clenched in Our Frayed Pockets (international)

Kathleen Fox Living the Dreaming (1997). Oil on board 89 X 122cm

1998

Events

• The Czech/Slovak group begins a series of theater evenings in Prague. Its exhibition Invention, Imagination, Interpretation takes place in Swansea.

Publications/films

• Special issue of Race Traitor edited by Franklin Rosemont, called Surrealism: Revolution against Whiteness.
• Rosemont (ed.) Surrealist Women

1999

Events

• Eighteenth international surrealist exhibition Sacrilege, in Prague.

Publications/films

• Bounoure Moments du Surréalisme
• Joans Teducation
• Tract: Who Needs the WTO? (Chicago)

2000

Events

• Derrame group founded in Chile.
• Surrealist group formed in Ioannina, Greece.
• Alice Farley Dance Theatre performs Black Fire: Dreams for the Human Equinox in New York.

Publications/films

• Lucifer: Objektiv Paranoia published in Stockholm.
• Indicios de Salamandra anthology published in Madrid.
• Bounoure Le Surréalisme et les arts sauvages
• Le Brun Du trop de réalité
• Rosemont Surrealist Experiences
• Film: Švankmajer Otesanek
• Tract: The Scream in the Sack (Stockholm)

2001

Events

• Curator of the Picasso Museum, Jean Clair, attacks the surrealists, claiming that their promotion of the Orient and critique of Western values lie at the root of the attack on the World Trade Center on September 11. Régis Debray and other leading intellectuals come to the defence of surrealism.
• Surrealist group formed in Portland (to 2008).
• DeCollage group formed in São Paulo, which will later merge with the surrealist group of São Paulo.

Publications/films

• Special issue of Race Traitor edited by Ron Sakolsky called Surrealism in the USA
• Joubert Le Mouvement des surréalistes ou le fin mot de l’histoire

2002

Publications/films

• Sakolsky (ed.) Surrealist Subversions
• Löwy L’Étoile du matin
• Tracts: Another Stupid War; Poetry Matters! (Chicago)

2003

Events

• Surrealist Group of Cantabria is formed in Santander.
• Formation of the Inner Island Surrealist Group on the west coast of Canada.

Publications/films

• Rosemont An Open Entrance in the Shut Palace of Wrong Numbers
• Claude Tarnaud DE ou le bout du monde
• Tracts: Who Will Embalm the Embalmers? (Chicago)
• Beneath the Shipwreck (Santander)

2004

Events

• London Surrealist Group formed.

Publications/films

• Bounoure L’Événement surréaliste
• Doumayrou Cinq Paradigmes de la géométrie sacrée
• Rosemont Revolution in the Service of the Marvelous
• Weisberg Poems
• Film: Jarab Vaterland
• Tract: Manifesto of the Surrealist Group in Ioannina

2005

Events

• Founding Declaration of Athens Surrealist group, and first issue of its journal Klidonas.

Publications/films

• Textos y declaraciones colectivas del Grupo Surrealista de Madrid
• Film: Švankmajer Sileni
• Tracts: Feux de détresse (Paris)
• Profane Revelation (Leeds)

2006

Events

• London Surrealist Group splits and the Surrealist London Action group formed (to 2016).
• Formation of La Vertèbre et le rossignol, a surrealist group in Quebec City, which begins publishing its eponymous journal in 2009.

Publications/films

• Situación de la poesía (por otros medios) a la luz del surrealismo published in Madrid.
• Tracts: On va quand jusqu’où?; Pour en finir avec le spectre de Dieu (Paris)

2007

Events

• SET (Surrealist Action Turkey formed in Izmir, then Istanbul (to 2012).

2007 Cover of Analogon issue no 52-3. ‘Film and Imagination & Black and White Lakes’, published by the Czech and Slovak surrealist group. Cover illustration by Martin Stejskal. © Martin Stejskal

2008

Events

• Nineteenth international surrealist exhibition, O Reverso Do Olhar/The Reverse of the Look in Coimbra, Portugal.
• The Czech/Slovak group organise several exhibitions, including ones in Moscow and in the former concentration camp at Terezín.
• Cabo Mondego Section of Portuguese Surrealism formed in Figueira da Foz, Portugal.

Publications/films

• First issue of the journal of the Leeds surrealists, Phosphor.
• The Exteriority Crisis
• Rosemont Dreams and Everyday Life
• Tracts: Contagious Fire (London)
• Burn the Money and Dance! (Madrid)
• The Phantom of Liberty Always Comes with a Knife between the Teeth (Athens)

2009

Events

• International surrealist exhibition, El Umbral secreto, organized by Derrame group in Santiago de Chile.

Publications/films

• Rosemont and Kelley (eds.) Black, Brown, and Beige
• Schlechter Duvall The Adventures of Desirée
• Tract: No War on the Moon! (Chicago)

2010

Publications/films

• First issue of the international anthology Hydrolith.
• First issue of L’Or aux 13 îles.
• Debout sur l’œuf, a boxed collection of contributions by surrealists from many countries, published in Coimbra, Portugal.
• Dax Écrits
• Films: Jarab Head Hands Heart
• Švankmajer Surviving Life
• Tract: Paradise Lost (Chicago)

2011

Events

• Grupo Surrealista Galego formed in La Coruña
• Surréalisme sans service published as initial tract of Liaison surréaliste à Montréal (to 2014).
• Destruction 2011 exhibition in Istanbul, with participation by surrealists from Athens and Stockholm.

Publications/films

• Rabid Estranged and Juvenile Delicacies: A Surrealist London Action Group (SLAG) Zine
• Burns and Graubard (eds.) Invisible Heads
• Corrales (ed.) Caleidoscopio surrealista (second edition 2015).
• Girard (ed.) Insoumission poétique: Tracts, affiches et déclarations du groupe de Paris du mouvement surréaliste
• Le Brun Autrement et ailleurs

2012

Events

• Twentieth international surrealist exhibition, Other Air, in Prague.
• International surrealist exhibition, Surrealism in 2012: Toward the World of the Fifth Sun, in Reading, Pennsylvania.

Publications/films

• Vancrevel (ed.) Nieuwe anthologie van de Nederlandse surrealistische poëzie
• Sebbag Potence avec paratonnerre

2013

Publications/films

• A Phala in São Paulo resumes publication after a hiatus of 46 years.

2014

Events

• The Dutch surrealists celebrate fifty years of activity by publishing What Will Be, Almanac of the International Surrealist Movement.
• Groupe surréaliste de Paris reformed out of the Groupe de Paris du mouvement surréaliste.
• The Liaison surréaliste à Montréal organizes an international surrealist exhibition in Montreal, La Chasse à l’objet du désir.

2014 Intérieurs animaliers Deux oies dans leur salon, collage by Pierre-André Sauvageot.

2015

Publications/films

• Peculiar Mormyrid begins publication.
• The Annual is published by those associated with the Surrealist NYC website in New York.

2016

Events

• International surrealist exhibition, Las Llaves del deseo, in San José, Costa Rica.
• An international surrealist exhibition of collages, À luz dos castelos envidraçados, organized in Figueira da Foz on occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of Breton’s death.

Publications/films

• Brunius Dans l’ombre où les regards se nouent
• Duits La Seule Femme vraiment noire
• Joubert La Clé est sur la porte

Cover of issue 15 of The Oystercatcher (May Day, 2018) published by Ron Sakolsky of the Inner Island Surrealist group (Canada). Cover image by Sheila Nopper. © Sheila Nopper. Courtesy of Ron Sakolsky